26.3B.-C. See also references and Explanatory references
Introduction:
These instructions deal with the following types of cross references:
See Also References, including "earlier/later heading" references;
1. References requiring special texts
2. Private communications of heads of state, etc.
3. Initial and acronym references
For reasons of economy, LC will no longer make information references. Sequences of related headings formerly connected by information references are to be connected by simple see also references or earlier/later heading references as illustrated in the examples below. Convert an existing information reference to see also references whenever the information reference must be handled for any reason.
See also references are used to connect related headings. When the relationship is not directly sequential or when information about the exact relationship is not known, the referral line of the references reads simply: search also under. When the relationship is sequential, a special type of see also reference is made and the referral line of the reference reads: search also under the earlier heading or search also under the later heading. These special references are display constants that are generated from the coding supplied by the cataloger and may be used whether the sequence results from a name change, reorganization, hierarchical change, official language change, or similar phenomenon. In case of doubt, do not use the special legends.
Normally, make references only to connect immediately adjacent headings, thus creating a chain of see also references leading from one heading to another. However, if the relationship is not clear, it is permissible to connect several headings (cf. examples 2 and 10 below).
1. Guidelines on making relational references. When new information about a related body is discovered, apply one of the following alternatives:
a. If entries (bibliographic records, subdivisions, see references to other headings) are or will be under the related body, establish the body (if it is not already established) and make the appropriate see also or earlier/later heading references.
b. If the related body is not established in the automated file and no entries will be under it at this time but it is likely to be needed in the future, establish the related body. Trace appropriate references from the unused heading to the one under which entries are made. Also, trace the reverse reference (i.e., the one from the heading being used to the unused one) and code it "do not make." Trace any see references to the unused heading, since they will guide the user to the see also reference leading to the heading under which entries are made.
c. If the related body is not established in the automated file and it is not likely it will ever be needed, record data about the related body on the authority record for the heading being established. After the name in the source citation, bracket in the statement "[no publs. in LC database]." This alternative should not normally be applied with an earlier name is being established and the later name is the one for which no publications have been received.
Example:
110 Stover Manufacturing & Engine Company
670 Wendel, C.H. Stover Mfg & Engine . . . 1982: cover (Stover Manufacturing & Engine Company, Freeport, Ill.) pref. (Stover Manufacturing Company [no publs. in LC database] formed in 1879; Stover interests combined in 1916 to form single firm known as Stover Manufacturing & Engine Company)
2. Evaluating existing references. When evaluating existing see also references on automated authority records, normally, retain the reference (adjusting it to current practice and AACR2) if there is an automated authority record for the heading referred from. If there is no automated authority record, apply the guidelines above in deciding whether to retain or delete the reference. If the reference is retained, an automated authority record must be made for the heading.
3. Procedures.
a. All headings connected by the references must be represented in machine-readable form, including those for which there are no bibliographic records. All headings and references leading to the headings must be in correct LC AACR2 form. Establish any heading not yet in the automated authority file.
b. Source citations. When giving data in the authority record, generally, cite only sources that deal with the immediately preceding and succeeding headings.
Always give the citation for the item being cataloged in a 670 field . If the work does not contain the name being established, give an explanatory note (e.g., "(name not given)"). Give other source citations as necessary.
If any other source gives only an earlier or later name but not the name used in the heading, cite the source in the 675 field . Do not, however, divide a citation for successive issues of a serial; give the complete citation in the 670 field if any volume contains the heading or in the 675 field if no volume contains the heading.
Justification on the authority record of preceding or succeeding headings is not required in the following cases:
1. changes in government heading because of an official language change;
2. changes involving only a parent body to which the body being established is subordinate;
3. when converting existing information references to see also references. Do not normally add source citations to justify references between headings already represented on the information reference. (It is assumed that the justification is present on the manual authority records.) Add sources to justify new references, however.
c. Tracings. On each name authority record, trace a see also reference for each heading to be connected, other than the heading for which the authority record is being prepared. If the display constant "search also under the earlier heading" or "search also under the later heading" is to be used, code the tracing as appropriate.
Change any existing references that are no longer appropriate (e.g., if necessary, change earlier/later heading references to simple see also references or vice versa). Convert an existing information reference to see also references whenever the information reference must be changed for any reason. If no change is needed to the information reference, do not convert it to see also references. Complete the reference evaluation process for all the headings involved in the reference.
If any change is needed to the information reference, delete it by completing the reference evaluation process for all headings involved, converting the information reference to see also references according to the guidelines above. Note that this means some tracings will be deleted entirely.
d. Geographic names. Changes to geographic names are handled the same way as changes to corporate names. ( FN 1)
1. Available information: Some of the principal members of the Ballets des Champs Elysées left the company to form the Ballet de Paris; the former continued to exist, however.
authority record:
110 Ballets des Champs Elysées
510 Ballets de Paris
($w, position 1 = n)
resulting reference:
Ballet de Paris
search also under
Ballets des Champs Elysées
authority record:
110 Ballet de Paris
510 Ballets des Champs Elysées
($w, position 1 = n)
resulting reference:
Ballets des Champs Elysées
search also under
Ballet de Paris
2. The available information about the relationship is not clear. All the headings are connected by see also references.
authority record:
110 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago
510 University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus). College of Medicine
($w, position 1 - n)
510 University of Illinois at the Medical Center. College of Medicine
($w, position 1 - n)
resulting references:
University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus). College of Medicine
search also under
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago
University of Illinois at the Medical Center. College of Medicine
search also under
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago
authority record:
110 University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus). College of Medicine
510 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago
($w, position 1 - n)
510 University of Illinois at the Medical Center. College of Medicine
($w, position 1 - n)
resulting references:
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago
search also under
University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus). College of Medicine
University of Illinois at the Medical Center
search also under
University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus). College of Medicine
authority record:
110 University of Illinois at the Medical Center. College of Medicine
510 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago
($w, position 1 - n)
510 University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus). College of Medicine
($w, position 1 - n)
resulting references:
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago
search also under
University of Illinois at the Medical Center. College of Medicine
University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign campus). College of Medicine
search also under
University of Illinois at the Medical Center. College of Medicine
3. Available information: The American Material Handling Society changed its name to International Material Management Society.
authority record:
110 American Material Handling Society
510 International Material Management Society
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting reference:
International Material Management Society
search also under the earlier heading
American Material Handling Society
authority record:
110 International Material Management Society
510 American Material Handling Society
($w, position 1 = a)
resulting reference:
American Material Handling Society
search also under the later heading
International Material Management Society
4. Available information: The name of the International Union of American Republics was changed in 1910 to Union of American Republics and in 1949 to Organization of American States.
authority record:
110 International Union of American Republics
510 Union of American Republics
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting reference:
Union of American Republics
search also under the earlier heading
International Union of American Republics
authority record:
110 Union of American Republics
510 International Union of American Republics
($w, position 1 = a)
510 Organization of American States
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting references:
International Union of American Republics
search also under the later heading
Union of American Republics
Organization of American States
search also under the earlier heading
Union of American Republics
authority record:
110 Organization of American States
510 Union of American Republics
($w, position 1 = a)
resulting reference:
Union of American Republics
search also under the later heading
Organization of American States
5. Available information: In 1954 the Screen Writers’ Guild and the Radio Writers Guild merged to form the Writers Guild of America, West.
authority record:
110 Screen Writers’ Guild
510 Writers Guild of America, West
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting reference:
Writers Guild of America, West
search also under the earlier heading
Screen Writers’ Guild
authority record:
110 Radio Writers Guild
510 Writers Guild of America, West
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting reference:
Writers Guild of America, West
search also under the earlier heading
Radio Writers Guild
authority record:
110 Writers Guild of America, West
510 Screen Writers’ Guild
($w, position 1 = a)
510 Radio Writers Guild
($w, position 1 = a)
resulting references:
Screen Writers’ Guild
search also under the later heading
Writers Guild of America, West
Radio Writers Guild
search also under the later heading
Writers Guild of America, West
6. Available information: The name of the American-Asian Education Exchange was changed in 1962 to American Afro-Asian Education Exchange; in 1967 the original name was resumed.
authority record:
110 American-Asian Education Exchange
510 American Afro-Asian Education Exchange
($w, position 1 = n)
resulting reference:
American Afro-Asian Education Exchange
search also under
American-Asian Education Exchange
authority record:
110 American Afro-Asian Education Exchange
510 American-Asian Education Exchange
($w, position 1 = n)
resulting reference:
American-Asian Education Exchange
search also under
American Afro-Asian Education Exchange
(References were made at the time of the first change of name that had the display constants "search also under the earlier heading/search also under the later heading." When the original name was resumed, position 1 was changed to value "n" in each record, resulting in simple see also references.)
7. Available information: Drabenderhöhe changed its name in 1961 to Bielstein; in 1969 Bielstein was absorbed by Wiehl.
authority record:
151 Drabenderhöhe (Germany)
551 Bielstein (Germany)
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting reference:
Bielstein (Germany)
search also under the earlier heading
Drabenderhöhe (Germany)
authority record:
151 Bielstein (Germany)
551 Drabenderhöhe (Germany)
($w, position 1 = a)
551 Wiehl (Germany)
($w, position 1 = n)
resulting references:
Drabenderhöhe (Germany)
search also under the later heading
Bielstein (Germany)
Wiehl (Germany)
search also under
Bielstein (Germany)
authority record:
151 Wiehl (Germany)
551 Bielstein (Germany)
($w, position 1 = n)
resulting reference:
Bielstein (Germany)
search also under
Wiehl (Germany)
8. When under earlier cataloging rules a see reference tracing from one or more earlier names has already been made and, consequently, publications issued under one name are entered under another, retain the see reference tracing until the heading is needed for a new publication. When it is needed, establish the heading and convert the see reference tracing to a see also reference tracing (cf. LCRI 26.3). Do not change any existing bibliographic records.
Available information: The International Federation of General Factory Workers was established in 1907. In 1950 the name was changed to International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions and in 1964 to International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions. Works published before the change of name in 1964 are found under International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions.
a. Earliest name not yet used as a heading
authority record:
110 International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
410 International Federation of General Factory Workers
510 International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting references:
International Federation of General Factory Workers
search under
International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions
search also under the earlier heading
International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
authority record:
110 International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions
510 International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
($w, position 1 = a)
resulting reference:
International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
search also under the later heading
International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions
b. Earliest name now needed as a heading. When the heading "International Federation of General Factory Workers" is needed for a newly cataloged item, establish the heading and make a see also reference. Do not change any existing bibliographic records.
authority record:
110 International Federation of General Factory Workers
510 International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting reference:
International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
search also under the earlier heading
International Federation of General Factory Workers
On the authority record for "International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions," change the see reference to a see also reference.
authority record:
110 International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
510 International Federation of General Factory Workers
($w, position 1 = a)
510 International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting new reference:
International Federation of General Factory Workers
search also under the later heading
International Federation of Industrial Organizations and General Workers Unions
9. Connect authority records for named meetings in the same way as for other corporate names. Do not add notes to the bibliogrpahic records for unnamed meetings.
Available information: The 3rd, 7th, and 9th of the following series of meetings were named; the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th were unnamed and the proceedings of those meetings are entered under title.
authority record:
111 Symposium on the Plasma Membrane (1961 : New York, N.Y.)
511 Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting reference:
Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 ; New York, N.Y.)
search also under the earlier heading
Symposium on the Plasma Membrane (1961 : New York, N.Y.)
authority record:
111 Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)
511 Symposium on the Plasma Membrane (1961 : New York, N.Y.)
($w, position 1 = a)
511 Basic Science Symposium
($w, position 1 = b)
resulting references:
Symposium on the Plasma Membrane (1961 : New York, N.Y.)
search also under the later heading
Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)
Basic Science Symposium
search also under the earlier heading
Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)
authority record:
111 Basic Science Symposium
511 Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 : New York, N.Y.)
($w, position 1 = a)
resulting reference:
Symposium on Macromolecular Metabolism (1965 ; New York, N.Y.)
search also under the later heading
Basic Science Symposium
10. Available information: In 1963 the Arkansas Resources and Development Commission was replaced by the Arkansas Geological Commission. The following bodies are known to be related to these bodies but the nature of the relationship is uncertain: Arkansas. State Geologist; Arkansas. Office of the State Geologist; Arkansas. Division of Geology; Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission. All the headings are connected to all the other headings, as illustrated by the following example showing only one of the headings:
authority record:
110 Arkansas Resources and Development Commission
510 Arkansas Geological Commission
($w, position 1 = n)
510 Arkansas. State Geologist
($w, position 1 = n)
510 Arkansas. Office of the State Geologist
($w, position 1 = n)
510 Arkansas. Division of Geology
($w, position 1 = n)
510 Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission
($w, position 1 = n)
resulting references:
Arkansas Geological Commission
search also under
Arkansas Resources and Development Commission
Arkansas. State Geologist
search also under
Arkansas Resources and Development Commission
Arkansas. Office of the State Geologist
search also under
Arkansas Resources and Development Commission
Arkansas. Division of Geology
search also under
Arkansas Resources and Development Commission
Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission
search also under
Arkansas Resources and Development Commission
1. "General" references. Explanatory references of the type illustrated by the examples on p. 554 of AACR 2 for "Aktiebolaget . . .," "Conference . . .," and "Catholic Church. Sacra . . ." are not used by the Library of Congress. Trace the specific reference in all authority records.
2. Private communications of heads of state, etc. Connect headings for heads of state, ecclesiastical officials, etc., to the corresponding official heading with see also references instead of the explanatory reference called for in 21.4D2 and illustrated in 26.3C1.
Example:
authority record:
100 Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 1919-
510 Iran. Shah (1941-1979 : Mohammed Reza Pahlavi)
($w, position 1 = n)
resulting reference:
Iran. Shah (1941-1979 : Mohammed Reza Pahlavi)
search also under
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 1919-
Use the following guidelines to determine when to make the references:
a. If the official heading is one established without names or dates (24.20C-E), do not trace the reference.
b. If the official heading has been established, make the see also reference.
c. If the official heading has not been established, establish it and make the see also reference from it to the personal heading only if the item being cataloged is not clearly the work of private authorship.
3. Initialism and acronym references. When a heading or a reference consists of or contains an initialism or acronym, follow the usage of the body with respect to the capitalization of the initialism (all capital letters or not) and the punctuation of it (use of periods between the letters or not).
When the initialism occurs within the first five words of the heading or reference, provide cross references according to the following guidelines:
a. Make references from all forms actually found that include variations in the punctuation of the initialism.
b. When the only form found includes periods between the letters of the initialism, also make a reference from the form without periods.
c. When the only form found is without periods between the letters, do not make up a reference from the form with periods inserted, since publications as well as reference sources show that a general abandonment of periods between corporate initials has already taken place and shows signs of becoming obsolete. Since, however, the criterion of usage is not practicable with existing records, do not delete these references already made, whether in evaluated or unevaluated reference structures.
Example:
110 World Meteorological Organization
410 WMO
410 Organisation météorologique mondiale
410 OMM
110 International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
410 IFLA
110 Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
410 ORSANCO
110 COMPEX
410 Combined Philatelic Exhibition of Chicagoland
110 A.G.A. Gas Supply Committee
410 AGA Gas Supply Committee
110 Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Instytut Historii
410 IH UAM
When, during evaluation of references currently traced on authority records, the cataloger finds explanatory references from initialisms/acronyms traced, convert them to simple see references in the form provided above.
See also: